COBOL
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Q: What is reference modification?

Answer:
Reference modification extracts substring: WS-FIELD(start:length). WS-NAME(1:3) gets first 3 characters. Can use in MOVE, IF, DISPLAY. Start position is 1-based. Length optional (to end). More flexible than REDEFINES for variable positions.
reference-mod substring string
DB2
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Q: What is SUBSTR function?

Answer:
SUBSTR extracts substring. SUBSTR(string, start, length). SUBSTR(name, 1, 3) gets first 3 chars. Position starts at 1. Length optional (to end). Can use in WHERE for pattern matching.
substr string function